Chiropractic as the Solution for Mechanical Spine Failure and Failed Back Surgery.

By: William J. Owens DC, DAAMLP

Mark Studin DC, FASBE(C), DAAPM, DAAMLP

 

A report on the scientific literature. 

 

The latest CDC statistics show that in 2012, 54 out of 100 people had self-reported musculoskeletal conditions.  By way of comparison, that is six times more than self-reported cases of cancer, double that of respiratory disease and one-third more than circulatory disorders.  If we extrapolate that to a more current population in the United States of 321 million, that equates to 173 million people reporting musculoskeletal problems in 2012.  Many of these are spine patients who suffer long-term without any type of biomechanical assessment or functional case management. 

In 2013, Itz, Geurts, van Kleef, and Nelemans reported, “Non-specific low back pain [LBP] is a relatively common and recurrent condition with major medical and economic implications for which today there is no effective cure” (p. 5).  The idea that spinal pain has a “natural history” resulting in a true resolution of symptoms is a myth and the concept that spine pain should only be treated in the acute phase for a few visits has no support in the literature.  We don’t address cardiovascular disease in this manner, i.e. wait until you have a heart attack to treat, we don’t follow this procedure with dentistry, i.e. wait until you need a root canal to treat, and we certainly don’t handle metabolic disorders such as diabetes in this way, i.e. wait until you have diabetic ulcers or advanced vascular disease to treat.  Why does healthcare fall short with spinal conditions in spite of the compelling literature that states the opposite in treatment outcomes?

The front lines of medical care for spine-related pain is typically the prescription of pain medication, particularly at the emergency care level, and then if that doesn’t work, a referral is made to physical therapy. If physical therapy is unsuccessful, the final referral is to a surgeon.  If the surgeon does not intervene with surgery, then the diagnosis becomes “non-specific back pain” and the patient is given stronger medication since there is nothing the surgeon can do.  In those surgical interventions that result in persistent pain, a commonly reported problem, there is an ICD-10 diagnosis for failed spine surgery, M96.1 

A recent article Ordia and Vaisman (2011) described this syndrome a bit further stating the following, “We propose that these terms [post laminectomy syndrome or failed back syndrome] should be replaced with Post-surgical Spine Syndrome (PSSS)” (p. 132).  They continued by reporting, “The incidence of PSSS may be reduced by a meticulous neurological examination and careful patient selection.  The facet and sacroiliac joints should always be examined, particularly when the pain is predominantly in the lower back, or when it radiates only to the thigh or groin and not below the knee” (Orida & Vaisman, 2011, p. 132). The authors finally stated, “Adherence to these simple guidelines can result in a significant reduction in the pain and suffering, as also the enormous financial cost of PSSS” (Orida & Vaisman, 2011, p. 132).  What they are referring to is a careful distinction between an “anatomical” versus a “biomechanical” cause of the spine pain. 

According to Mulholland (2008), “[Surgery] Spinal fusion became what has been termed the “gold standard” for the treatment of mechanical low back pain, yet there was no scientific basis for this” (p. 619). He continued, “However whilst that fusion [surgery] may be very effective in stopping movement, it was deficient in relation to load transfer” (Mulholland, 2008, p. 623). He concluded, “The concept of instability as a cause of back pain is a myth. The clinical results of any procedure that allows abnormal disc loading to continue are unpredictable” (Mulholland, 2008, p. 624).  Simply put, surgery does not correct the underlying biomechanical failure or the cause of the pain.

When a biomechanical assessment is lacking, the patient’s pain persists and allopathic medicine is focused on “managing the pain” vs. correcting the underlying biomechanical lesion/pathology/imbalance, the medication of choice at this point in care has been opioid analgesics.  Back in 2011, the CDC reported, “Sales of OPR quadrupled between 1999 and 2010. Enough OPR were prescribed last year [2010] to medicate every American adult with a standard pain treatment dose of 5 mg of hydrocodone (Vicodin and others) taken every 4 hours for a month” (p. 1489).  That was 6 years ago, which was when people began to feel that treating musculoskeletal pain with narcotics was trending in the wrong direction.  Now, in 2016, we can see there is a problem of epidemic proportions to the point that MDs are changing how they refer spine patients for diagnosis and treatment. 

Dowell, Haegerich, and Chou (2016), along with the CDC, published updated guidelines relating to the prescription of opioid medication:

Opioid pain medication use presents serious risks, including overdose and opioid use disorder. From 1999 to 2014, more than 165,000 persons died from overdose related to opioid pain medication in the United States. In the past decade, while the death rates for the top leading causes of death such as heart disease and cancer have decreased substantially, the death rate associated with opioid pain medication has increased markedly.

a recent study of patients aged 15–64 years receiving opioids for chronic noncancer pain and followed for up to 13 years revealed that one in 550 patients died from opioid-related overdose at a median of 2.6 years from their first opioid prescription, and one in 32 patients who escalated to opioid dosages >200 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) died from opioid-related overdose. (p. 2)

Clearly, there needs to be a nationwide standard for the process by which patients with spine pain are handled, including academic and clinical leadership on spinal biomechanics.  The only profession that is poised to accomplish such a task is chiropractic.

In a recent study by Houweling et al. (2015), the authors reported, “The purpose of this study was to identify differences in outcomes, patient satisfaction, and related health care costs in spinal, hip, and shoulder pain patients who initiated care with medical doctors (MDs) vs those who initiated care with doctors of chiropractic (DCs) in Switzerland” (p. 477).  This is an important study which continually demonstrates maintaining access to chiropractic care, for both acute and chronic pain is critical.  We can also see from current utilization statistics that chiropractic care is underutilized on a major scale.  The authors also state, “Although patients may be comanaged with other medical colleagues or paramedical providers (eg, physiotherapists), treatment for the same complaint may vary according to the type of first-contact provider. For instance, MDs tend to use medication, including analgesics, muscle relaxants, and anti-inflammatory agents, for the treatment of acute nonspecific spinal pain, whereas DCs favor spinal manipulative therapy as the primary treatment for this condition” (Houweling et al., 2015, p. 478).  The continue by stating “This study showed that spinal, hip, and shoulder pain patients had modestly higher pain relief and satisfaction with care at lower overall cost if they initiated care with DCs, when compared with those who initiated care with MDs” (Houweling et al., 2015, p. 480).  Overall, when taking cost into consideration, “Mean total spinal, hip, and shoulder pain-related health care costs per patient during the 4-month study period were approximately 40% lower in patients initially consulting DCs compared with those initially consulting MDs” (Houweling et al., 2015, p. 481).  The authors concluded, “The findings of this study support first-contact care provided by DCs as an alternative to first-contact care provided by MDs for a select number of musculoskeletal conditions” (Houweling et al., 2015, p. 481).

Bases on the literature and outcome studies, backed up with 121 years of doctors of chiropractic and their patients’ testimonies, the time has never been better for the chiropractic profession to move into treating the 93% of the population that is not under care. Chiropractic must be moved from the accepted standard of biomechanical processes in the laboratory to the standard of care for spine beyond fracture, tumor or infection across all professions, inclusive of physical therapy. The outcomes overwhelmingly support that anything less perpetuates the epidemic of failed back treatments.   

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). National hospital discharge survey. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds.htm

2. United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Quick facts, United States. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/

3. Itz, C. J., Geurts, J. W., van Kleef, M., & Nelemans, P. (2013). Clinical course of nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care. European Journal of Pain, 17(1), 5-15.

4. Ordia, J., & Julien Vaisman. (2011). Post-surgical spine syndrome. Surgical Neurology International, 2, 132.

5. Mulholland, R. C. (2008). The myth of lumbar instability: The importance of abnormal loading as a cause of low back pain. European Spine Journal, 17(5), 619-625.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers - United States, 1999--2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(43), 1487-1492.

7. Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016. JAMA, 315(15), 1624-1645.

8. Houweling, T. A., Braga, A. V., Hausheer, T., Vogelsang, M., Peterson, C., & Humphreys, B. K. (2015). First-contact care with a medical vs chiropractic provider after consultation with a swiss telemedicine provider: Comparison of outcomes, patient satisfaction, and health care costs in spinal, hip, and shoulder pain patients. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 38(7), 477-483.

 

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Published in Low Back Problems

Spinal Fusion vs. Chiropractic for Mechanical Spine Pain

 

By. Mark Studin DC, FASBE(C), DAAPM, DAAMLP

William J. Owens DC, DAAMLP

 

A report on the scientific literature

 

As Chien and Bajwa (2008) pointed out, one of the most common maladies in our society today is back pain and 97% of the time, the pain is considered mechanical back pain. That is pain that arises from things other than fractures, tumors or infection and is one of the leading causes of visits to primary care medical doctors. Peterson, Bolton and Humphreys (2012), Baliki, Geha, Apkarian, and Chialvo (2008), and Apkarian et al. (2004) all agreed that at any given time, upwards of 10% of the population suffers from back pain and upwards of 80% of those back pain sufferers have chronic problems.  For pain to be considered chronic, it must persist for greater than 6 months.

 

Mulholland reported (2008)

The cause and hence the best treatment of “mechanical” low back pain remains unsolved, despite nearly a century of endeavour. It is now generally accepted that some form of failure of the intervertebral disc is central to causation. In the latter half of the twentieth century, failure of the disc leading to abnormal movement, popularly called instability, legitimised the use of fusion as treatment. However, the unpredictable results of fusion, which did not improve despite progressively more rigid methods of fusion cast doubts on the concept that back pain was movement related and that stopping movement was central to its treatment. (Pg. 619)

 

The only reason for fusion appeared to be that, other treatments had failed, that it was reasonable from the psychological viewpoint, and that instability was present. Instability is defined elsewhere in the book as increased abnormal movement, and this is illustrated by x-rays purporting to show abnormal rotations and various types of abnormal tilt. He accepts that such appearances may be entirely painless, but in the patient with back pain they identify the causative level, and fusion is justified. (Pg. 620)

However, whilst that fusion may be very effective in stopping movement, it was deficient in relation to load transfer. (pg. 623)

 

The reason load transfer is critical to normal spinal biomechanics (function) is one of remodelling and the prevention of premature and unnecessary advanced arthritic changes. Based upon Wolff’s Law, with abnormal load, the entire joint will remodel in the body’s innate goal of creating homeostasis from a structural perspective.

 

 

In support of the above consideration, Mulholland concluded:

Abnormal movement of a degenerated segment may be associated with back pain but is not causative. The concept of instability as a cause of back pain is a myth. The clinical results of any procedure that allows abnormal disc loading to continue are unpredictable.

If it is accepted that load transfer disturbance is the central issue in mechanical back pain, then treatment can be directed to remedy this. Fusion will only do this if it reliably takes over the loading function of the disc. Movement preserving procedures such as “flexible stabilization” or an artificial disc are compatible with preserving motion but with an artificial disc bony integration between plate and vertebrae would appear to be essential, not just to stop movement, but to transfer load normally. (pg. 624)

 

 

It was reported by McMorland, Suter, Casha, du Plessis, and Hurlbert in 2010 that approximately 250,000 patients annually undergo elective lumbar discectomy (spinal surgery) for the treatment of low back disc (mechanical spine) issues in the United States. The researchers did a comparative randomized clinical study comparing spinal microdiscectomy (surgery) performed by neurosurgeons to non-operative manipulative treatments (chiropractic adjustments) performed by chiropractors. They compared quality of life and disabilities of the patients in the study. 

The study was limited to patients with distinct one-sided lumbar disc herniations as diagnosed via MRI and had associated radicular (nerve root) symptoms. Based upon the authors’ review of available MRI studies, the patients participating in the study were all initially considered surgical candidates. Both the surgical and chiropractic groups reported no new neurological problems and had only minor post-treatment soreness. 60% of the patients who underwent chiropractic care reported a successful outcome while 40% required surgery and of those 40%, all reported successful outcomes. This study concluded that 60% of the potential surgical candidates had positive outcomes utilizing chiropractic as the alternative to surgery.

 

Although the previous report concluded that a chiropractic spinal adjustment is an effective treatment modality for mechanical spine pathology, a more recent study by Leemann et al. (2014), further clarifies the improvement with chiropractic care. This study considered both herniated discs and radiculopathy or pain radiating down into the leg as a baseline for analysis. The study also considered acute and chronic lumbar herniated disc pain patients.

 

In this study, the acute onset patient (the pain just started) reported 80% improvement at 2 weeks, 85% improvement at 1 month, and a 95% improvement at 3 months. The study went on to conclude that the patient stabilized at both the six month and one year marks following the onset of the original pain. Although one might argue that the patient would have gotten better with no treatment, it was reported that after two weeks of no treatment, only 36% of the patients felt better and at 12 weeks, up to 73% felt better. This study clearly indicates that chiropractic is a far superior solution to doing nothing and at the same time helps the patient return to his/her normal life without pain, drugs or surgery.

 

Although the literature clearly indicates chiropractic as a superior choice for mechanical back pain for both disability and pain indicating function has normalized and that spinal fusion creates permanent abnormal load transfers leading to a higher risk of premature arthritis and spinal biomechanical failures, the consideration that was omitted in Mulholland’s paper was that of aberrant neurological sequella. The arbiter for surgery vs. chiropractic care that should be strongly considered is where the delay in surgery will possibly cause permanent neurological damage.

 

Clinically, regardless of the mechanical failure, (including, but not limited to disc extrusions both migrated and sequestered) and/or the presentation of exquisite pain, should the patient present with intact motor and sensory function upon examination, there is less consideration of adverse issues developing from chiropractic care that will take time in the rehabilitation process. However, if there is significant motor and/or sensory loss indicating compression or significant abutment of the cord or root, then delaying surgery can increase the risk of creating long-term neurological damage. In either scenario, while managing these types of patients, the chiropractor should consider co-managing with a spine surgeon who is versed in chiropractic care and contemporary literature that has objectified both treatment outcomes.

 

References:

  1. Chien, J., J., & Bajwa, Z. H. (2008). What is mechanical spine pain and how best to treat it? Current Pain and Headaches Report, 12(6), 406-411
  2. Baliki, M. N., Geha, P. Y., Apkarian, A. V., & Chialvo, D. R. (2008). Beyond feeling: Chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. Journal of Neurosciences,28(6) http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/6/1398.full
  3. Apkarian, V., Sosa, Y., Sonty, S., Levy, R., Harden, N., Parrish, T., & Gitelman, D. (2004). Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(46), 10410-10415.
  4. Mulholland R. (2008) The myth of lumbar instability: the importance of abnormal loading as a cause of low back pain, European Spine Journal 17 (5) 619-625
  5. McMorland, G., Suter, E., Casha, S., du Plessis, S. J., & Hurlbert, R. J. (2010). Manipulation or microdiskectomy for sciatica? A prospective randomized clinical study. . Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 33(8), 576-584.
  6. Leeman S., Peterson C., Schmid C., Anklin B., Humphrys K. (2014) Outcomes of Acute and Chronic Patients with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Confirmed Symptomatic Lumbar Disc Herniations Receiving High Velocity, Low Amplitude, Spinal Manipulative Therapy: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study with One Year Follow Up, Journal(3), 155-163.

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Published in Low Back Problems


by Anthony P. Calantoni, DC, CCEP, DAAMLP


Title: The Utilization of Long Term Care for Herniated Lumbar Discs with Chiropractic for the Management of Mechanical Spine Pain


Abstract: To explore the utilization of chiropractic treatment consisting of spinal adjusting, axial traction, electrical muscle stimulation, and core stabilization exercise for the management of mechanical spine pain. Diagnostic studies included physical examination, orthopedic and neurological examinations, and lumbar spine MRI.  The patient reports long-term success in reducing pain levels and increasing functionality by having the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL’s) without frequent flare-ups which he reported of prior to undergoing chiropractic treatment.

Key Words: low back pain, sciatica, chiropractic adjustment, disc bulge, disc herniation, axial  traction, spinal manipulative therapy.

Introduction
On 2/6/2015, a 49 year old male certified nursing assistant, presented for consultation and examination due to a work injury which occurred on 11/12/2001.  The patient stated he sustained a lifting injury that resulted in severe low back pain.  He stated that he was under the care of a pain management interventionist receiving epidural injections in his lumbar spine on an ongoing basis since the injury occurred.  He added that the injections helped him to cope with the elevated pain levels he experienced on a frequent basis. The patient had previously received chiropractic and physical therapy for his injury and reported that the therapies did help him when he was actively treating.  He informed it had been over 3 years since he last treated with chiropractic or physical therapy.

The patient presented to my office on 2/6/2015 with a chief complaint of lumbar pain.  He rated the discomfort as a 7 on a visual analog scale of 10 with 10 being the worst and the pain was noted as being constant (76-100% of the time).  The onset of pain was a result of the work injury described above.  He reported that the pain would aggravate by activities which required excessive or repetitive bending, lifting, and pulling. He stated he experienced flare-up episodes 4-6 times a month depending on the type of activities he was involved with.  The quality of the discomfort was described as aching, gnawing, sharp, shooting, and painful and was noted as being the worst at the end of the day. He stated that when his pain levels were elevated, it would limit his ability of getting a good night sleep.  The patient further noted he was experiencing numbness and tingling in both legs and his right foot.

Prior History:

The patient denied any prior or subsequent low back injuries and/or traumas.

Clinical Findings:

The patient was 5 feet 10 inches and weighed 230 pounds. His sitting blood pressure was 132/86 and his radial pulse was 74 BPM.  The patient’s Review of Systems and Family History were unremarkable.

An evaluation and management exam was performed.  The exam consisted of visual assessment of range of motion, manual muscle tests, deep tendon reflexes, digital and motion palpation, and other neurological and orthopedic tests.  Palpation revealed areas of spasm, hypertonicity, asymmetry, and end point tenderness indicative of subluxation at T12, L2, and L4.  Palpation of the lumbar muscles revealed moderate to severe muscle spasms in the left piriformis, right piriformis, right sacrospinalis, right gluteus maximus, right erector spinae, right quadratus lumborum and right iliacus. He presented with postural deviations that were found using a plumb line assessment showing short right leg (pelvic deficiency), head tilted to the left, high left shoulder and high right hip.  Point tenderness was notably present along the midline of the spine at the L4 and L5 level.

Manual, subjectively rated strength tests were performed on some of the major muscle groups of the lower extremities, based on the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 4th Ed., 1993/5th ed., 2001. A rating scale of five to zero was used, with five representing normal muscle strength.  A muscle strength loss of the lower extremities indicates a neurological facilitation resulting from dysfunction in the lumbar spine.  Grade 4 muscle weakness was noted on the right extensor hallicus longus.

Dermatomal sensation was decreased at L4 on the right and decreased at L5 on the right.

Reflex testing was completed and was diminished: 0/+2 on the right patella and +1/+2 on the left patella. The following lumbar orthopedic examinations were performed and found to be positive: Ely's on the right, Hibb's on the right, Iliac compression test and Bragard's on the right.

Lumbar Range of Motion tested with Dual Inclinometers:

Range of Motion            Normal         Examination                       % Deficit

Flexion

90

40

 

56

Extension

25

10

 

60

Left Lateral Flexion

40

20

 

50

Right Lateral Flexion

40

15

 

62

Left Rotation

35

25

 

29

Right Rotation

35

20

 

43

Flexion and left lateral bending were painful at end range. The patient’s limitation to bend is corroborated by the persistent spasticity of lack of motion eliciting pain upon exertion in the lumbar spine.

MRI Results:

The MRI images were personally reviewed.  The lumbar MRI performed on 9/29/2014 revealed anterior positioning of the L4 vertebral body with respect to L5 with a right L4-L5 protrusion compromising the right neural foramen. There is a central herniation at the L5-S1 disc.

Fig. 1,  (A), (B), (C) shows in T2 MRI images (A) is Sagittal and (B) is Axial at L4-L5 and (C) is Axial at L5-S1

Fig. 1 (A)  Sagital

 

Fig. 1 (B) T2 Axial at L4-L5

Fig. 1 (C) T2 Axial at L5-S1




After reviewing the history, physical and neurological examination, and MRI’s it was determined that chiropractic treatment was medically indicated and warranted.  Frequency of treatment was determined 1 time a week.

The patient was placed on a treatment plan consisting of high velocity low amplitude chiropractic adjustments, axial traction, electrical muscle stimulation, and core stabilization exercise. The patient responded in favorable fashion to the chiropractic treatment over a 6 month period.  The patient demonstrated subjective and objective improvement and his care plan was reduced to one time every two weeks to manage and modulate pain levels associated with his permanent condition.

On follow-up re-evaluation approximately 9 months after starting supportive treatment the patient showed improvement in range of motion testing. 

Lumbar Range of Motion was tested with Dual Inclinometers:

Range of Motion            Normal         Examination                       % Deficit

Flexion

90

70

 

13

Extension

25

20

 

20

Left Lateral Flexion

40

35

 

12

Right Lateral Flexion

40

30

 

25

Left Rotation

35

30

 

15

Right Rotation

35

25

 

29

The patient also reported a reduction in pain levels rating the low back discomfort as a4 on a scale of 10 with 10 being the worst and the pain was noted as beingintermittent 25 to 50% of the time. Decreased muscle spasm in the lumbar paraspinal muscles was noted as well as better symmetry and tonicity.  The patient reported the ability of getting a better night sleep and waking up in the morning with less rigidity and achiness.  He stated he was able to perform his work duties and activities of daily living with less flare-ups and exacerbations occurring only 1-2 times a month.  The core training exercises we worked on have helped stabilize the patient’s spine and protected it from reinjuring the already injured tissues. 

Conclusion:

Chiropractic care has been shown to be both safe and effective in treating patients with disc herniation and accompanying radicular symptoms1-4. Spinal chiropractic adjustive therapy has been proven to modulate pain6. This patient presented with chronic low back pain sequela to an injury that occurred over 13 years ago.  The patient had prior success in reduction of pain when he was treating with chiropractic in the past then discontinued treatment.  The patient has been treating with pain management intervention since the injury occurred and it has helped him reduce his pain but has done minimal for him from a functional and mechanical standpoint. The history and exam indicated the presence of 2 herniated discs in the lumbar spine. Lumbar MRI’s were ordered prior to being evaluated and the images were viewed to establish an accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan. Long term chiropractic treatment has been utilized successfully in this case study to reduce pain levels and restore the patient’s functional capacity of performing activities of daily living and work duties with less flare ups and exacerbations of low back pain.     

Competing Interests:  There are no competing interests in the writing of this case report.

De-Identification: All of the patient’s data has been removed from this case.

  1. Leeman S., Peterson C., Schmid C., Anklin B., Humphryes B., (2014) Outcomes of Acute and Chronic Patients with Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Confirmed Symptomatic Lumbar Disc Herniation Receiving High-Velocity, Low Amplitude, Spinal Manipulative Therapy: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study With One-Year Follow Up, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 37 (3) 155-163
  2. Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM, "Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review,"Spine35 (11): E488–504 (2010).
  3. Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, et. al, "Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain,"Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD008112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2. PMID 21328304.
  4. Hoiriis, K. T., Pfleger, B., McDuffie, F. C., Cotsonis, G., Elsangak, O., Hinson, R. & Verzosa, G. T. (2004). A randomized clinical trial comparing chiropractic adjustments to muscle relaxants for subacute low back pain. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 27(6), 388-398.
  5. Coronado, R. A., Gay, C. W., Bialosky, J. E., Carnaby, G. D., Bishop, M. D., & George, S. Z. (2012). Changes in pain sensitivity following spinal manipulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.  Manuscript in preparation. 
  6. Whedon, J. M., Mackenzie, T.A., Phillips, R.B., & Lurie, J.D. (2014). Risk of traumatic injury associated with chiropractic spinal manipulation in Medicare Part B beneficiaries aged 66-69. Spine,  (Epub ahead of print) 1-33.

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